It is a secret witchcraft of the Southeast Asia and its nature is not the same as the Taoist spells. In the world of Taoist spells and rituals, it is necessary to obtain authorization from deities. The Taoist priest must then coordinate and make use of the calculated time and space to deploy their designated troops with the use of blessings, hand seals, chanting, and worship the astral deities. They ensure the spells and rituals align with the Five Elements while utilizing the natural forces of heaven and earth to achieve the desired outcome.

Based on the author’s understanding, the Southeast Asia’s curse and black magic techniques can be divided into two categories,

1. Sorcery-type Curses

2. Venom based Curses (Poisonous Medicine Withcraft)